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The Urinary System · Chapter 3 of 7
A million bull’s-eyes in the cortex, each a fenestrated capillaryCapillaries with pores (fenestrations) that allow rapid exchange of fluids and small solutes (found wrapped in a serous membrane made of podocytesSpecialized cells in the glomerulus that form filtration slits, preventing large molecules from ente. This chapter builds the filtrationThe process by which fluid moves out of capillaries into surrounding tissues due to hydrostatic pres membrane under the microscope, works the three pressures that drive and oppose filtration, and asks which layer, failing, lets albuminA plasma protein that helps maintain osmotic pressure and transport substances. through.
The question you will answer
Three thin layers stand between blood and filtrateThe fluid that is filtered from the blood into the nephron and will eventually become urine.. When albumin climbs into the nephrotic range, is the filter over-pressured, overwhelmed, or physically breached?
Opener · Three Layers, One Cutoff · about 2¼ minutes
The opener is the same narrated animation you will watch in Scene 2.
Watch the opener first. It sets the question; the chapter answers it.
1
Read the chart
Patient chart · Stina
2025 · age 50
Labs
24-hour urineThe liquid waste excreted by the kidneys. protein climbs over months from a trace into the nephrotic range; albumin-rich. Serum albumin drifting down. Blood pressureThe force exerted by gases in the respiratory system, affecting airflow and gas exchange. normal.
Exam
Ankle and shin edemaExcess fluid in interstitial spaces. by afternoon; puffiness around the eyes on waking.
Also
“Low” calcium on a routine panel (Fluids module).
Told
“Nephrotic-range proteinuria — we need to find out why.”
Chart clues this module: 1 · A little protein · 2 · Normal scan · 3 · this chapter
Before you go on · your prediction
Albumin climbing month by month into the nephrotic range, with normal blood pressure. The filter is most likely…
Open the one you lean toward. Nothing is recorded and nothing is revealed — you come back to it at the end.
Over-pressured — too much hydrostatic push forcing albumin through a healthy sieve
Watch which pressure albumin answers to, and whether more push changes the size of the holes. Then check her blood pressure again.
Overwhelmed — the liver making so much acute-phase protein that the sieve cannot hold it all
Ask what the liverA large organ that produces bile, detoxifies blood, and stores nutrients. does to albumin during inflammation — up or down — and what a low serum albumin says about that.
Physically breached — one of the three layers changed so the cutoff itself moved
Keep the strainer in mind: what enlarges the holes, which layer holds albumin, and what could infiltrate it without a scan noticing.
From Stina’s diary
2024 · age 49 · “A little protein” — swelling, and the low albumin
2
The story
Three short movements: the case, the anatomyThe study of the structure of the human body. and physiologyThe study of how the body functions., then the tie back to Stina. Each links to the scene where you’ll see it move.
I · Nephrotic range
Over the months after the plus sign, the quantified protein climbed: a trace, then more, then into the range clinicians call nephrotic — heavy, and almost all of it albumin. Her serum albumin drifted down as the urine carried it away. Her ankles and shins swelled by afternoon; her eyes were puffy on waking. Her blood pressure stayed normal. A routine panel flagged a low calcium that would need its own chapter. Nephrotic-range proteinuria, the nephrologist said — we need to find out why.
See it move: Scene 3 · One Pushes, Two Push Back · Scene 5 · The Apparatus Beside the Corpuscle
II · The corpuscle, the membrane, and the pressures
The cortex holds the first capillary bed, the glomerulusA network of capillaries in the nephron where blood filtration occurs., wrapped in a double-layered serous membrane much like the pleuraThe double-layered membrane surrounding the lungs and lining the thoracic cavity. or the pericardiumThe membrane surrounding the heart.: a visceral layer of podocytes hugging the capillary, a parietal layer of simple squamous cellsThe basic structural and functional units of life., and a capsular spaceThe space between the glomerular capsule and the glomerulus where filtrate collects. between. Together they are the renal corpuscleThe structure in the nephron that consists of the glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule, where filtration — a bull’s-eye at 40×, only ever in the cortex. The glomerulus is a fenestrated capillary, its clefts sized to pass anything smaller than albumin and nothing larger; podocytes wrap it with interlacing feet that leave filtration slits of the same cutoff, over a basement membrane between them. Three layers: fenestrated endotheliumThe innermost layer of blood vessels, composed of simple squamous epithelial cells, which reduces fr, basement membrane, podocyte slits — a filter by size, and by charge. One pressure drives filtration: the glomerular hydrostatic pressureThe force exerted by a fluid, such as the pressure of blood pushing against the walls of capillaries of the blood, set largely by blood pressure. Two oppose it: the colloid osmotic pressureThe pressure exerted by proteins (mainly albumin) in the blood that pulls water into the capillaries of the blood, the attractiveness of its solutes — highest when you are dehydrated — and the hydrostatic pressure of the filtrate already in the capsule, which climbs sky-high when a stone blocks the renal basin. Net filtration pressure is the one minus the two: fifty-five against thirty plus fifteen, about ten millimeters of mercury. The glomerular filtration rate rises and falls with it — and with two other things: the total surface area of membrane still filtering, and the permeability of the membrane itself. Stretch the holes in a strainer and the macaroni slips through.
See it move: Scene 1 · Bull’s-Eyes in the Cortex · Scene 2 · Three Layers, One Cutoff · Scene 3 · One Pushes, Two Push Back · Scene 4 · Rate × Area × Permeability
III · Which layer
Her pressure was normal, so the push did not change. Her liver was making less albumin, not more. What climbed into her urine was exactly the protein the basement membrane and the podocyte slits exist to hold — which means the cutoff itself had moved. A sieve does not lose its size selectivity from pressure. It loses it when something changes the layers. What that something was is two chapters away; where it acted is now certain.
See it move: Scene 2 · Three Layers, One Cutoff · Scene 4 · Rate × Area × Permeability · Scene 5 · The Apparatus Beside the Corpuscle
3
Watch · explore · think · check
5 scenes. Each one has a short animation or a slide, something to explore, a true/false spot-check of your thinking, and a quick check. Every scene gives you an evidence card for your board.
How to read the scenes
- Animation (dark teal) — a short animated explainer, one idea each
- Slide (dark teal) — a still to study: a micrograph, a diagram or a map
- Explore (purple) — something to push on while you watch
- Game (purple) — a quick challenge
- Think (gold) — reason it out, then spot-check yourself with a few true/false questions; not graded
- Check (gold) — a quick H5P that scores itself
Scene 1 of 5
Bull’s-Eyes in the Cortex
A serous membrane around a capillary knot.
Slide · a still to study
Renal Corpuscles at 40×
Read the bull’s-eye
- Glomerulus: the juicy centre, a tuft of capillariesThe smallest blood vessels where gas, nutrient, and waste exchange occurs between blood and tissues. crowded with nucleiClusters of neurons in the CNS responsible for processing information..
- Capsular space: the clear, C-shaped gap around it, where filtrate collects.
- Parietal layer: the outer wall of the capsule, simple squamous cells.
- Podocytes wrap the capillaries, but their foot processes and filtration slits are too small to see at 400×.
Corpuscles appear only in the cortex. Find one and you know where you are.
Prefer the full lecture? Renal Corpuscle Anatomy (original video on the site) · histology page: Renal Corpuscles
Game
Corpuscle census
Take a census of the cortex: decide which profiles are corpuscles, then zoom in on one and name its parts.
Text description of this game
Step 1: a cortex micrograph (H&E, 10×) with seven numbered pins; for each you decide renal corpuscle or tubule, and the tally appears after you commit. Step 2: a single corpuscle at 40× with four pins to name: glomerulus, capsular space, parietal layer and a neighbouring tubule. Step 3: before you see a medulla slide, predict how many corpuscles it holds; then the medulla field appears with its answer.
Think · not graded
The podocyte layer is a visceral serous membrane, like the visceral pleura. Elsewhere in Stina’s case serous membranesThin tissues that line body cavities and secrete fluid. have inflamed. Why is that comparison worth holding on to — and where does it break down?
Spot-check your thinking: true or false?
Check · Mark the Words
Mark the features that identify a renal corpuscle on a slide.
Evidence card 1
Add it to your evidence board
A corpuscle is a fenestrated capillary inside a serous membrane, only in the cortex.
Scene 2 of 5
Three Layers, One Cutoff
Fenestrations, a basement membrane, filtration slits.
Animation · narrated, with captions
Three Layers, One Cutoff
Module 19 · 19.3 · Opener and Scene 2 · 7 scenes · 2¼ minutes · narrated. Press Play to start; the words appear in the caption box under the picture.
Scene 1
Paused
Keyboard: when the picture has focus, Space plays or pauses, the left/right arrow keys move between scenes, and M mutes or unmutes.
Text description and full narration
Seven-scene narrated animation with captions, built from BioRender parts (a renal corpuscle, a podocyte-wrapped capillary, and the endothelium, basement membrane, podocyte feet and slit diaphragms of the filtration barrier, plus molecule shapes) and the site’s slide 205 micrograph.
Scene 1 · Three layers (0:00–0:20)
On screen: Left: a renal corpuscle, the glomerulus inside its capsule. Right: one glomerular capillary in cross-section, its wall wrapped by podocytes. Three numbered chips: 1 the capillary wall (fenestrated endothelium), 2 the basement membrane, 3 the podocytes.
Narration: Everything that reaches the urine, it's got across three layers to do that, and every one of those layers kind of has a say who gets into urine and who doesn't. The first layer is the wall of the glomerular capillary itself, so it's a fenestrated capillary.
Scene 2 · Windows in the wall (0:20–0:37)
On screen: The barrier drawn flat: blood at the bottom (pink), the capsular space at the top (pale blue). The first layer appears: the endothelium, with small white windows. Labels: “fenestrated endothelium — fenestra means window”, “larger than the pores of an ordinary capillary”. A red cell rises to a window and bounces back: “smaller than a red cell: blood cells stay”.
Narration: Fenestra means window, so these cells, they have those intercellular clefts through them, right? They're larger than pores of an ordinary continuous capillary, and the clefts though, they're much smaller than a red blood cell, so red blood cells, they can't get out.
Scene 3 · A charged mesh (0:37–0:51)
On screen: The second layer appears on top of the endothelium: “basement membrane: a gel of collagen and charged proteins”, with minus signs along it: “a fine mesh, negatively charged”.
Narration: The second layer is a basement membrane. It's kind of like a gel of collagen and charged proteins that both the endothelium and the next layer kind of sit on. It's like a fine mesh, negatively charged.
Scene 4 · Foot cells (0:51–1:13)
On screen: The third layer appears: three podocyte feet standing on the basement membrane, with filtration slits bridged between them. Labels: “podocytes = foot cells”, “feet interlaced like the fingers of two hands”, “filtration slits”.
Narration: The third layer are the podocytes, which literally means foot cells. These podocytes wrap around the outside of that fenestrated capillary, and they have feet that interlace like the fingers of two hands, leaving very narrow filtration slits between them.
Scene 5 · One cutoff (1:13–1:44)
On screen: Molecules rise from the blood side. Ions, glucose and amino acids, and epinephrine pass through a slit into the capsular space; a small protein passes slowly; albumin reaches the barrier and is pushed back; a larger protein stays put. Chips: “three layers, one cutoff”, “albumin: just too large — and negatively charged like the membrane”.
Narration: So three layers, one cutoff. Ions pass, glucose and amino acids pass, small polar hormones like epinephrine pass, proteins smaller than albumin pass at a very low rate. Albumin, the most abundant protein in your plasma, is just too large, and it's also negatively charged like the membrane, so it stays in the blood along with everything else that is larger than albumin.
Scene 6 · Filtrate, not urine yet (1:44–2:00)
On screen: An arrow carries what passed to the right: “filtrate in the capsular space → into the tubule”, with the note “not urine yet”. A red arrow along the blood side: “what stays leaves by the efferent arteriole”.
Narration: What passes into urine in the capsular space, — what passes into filtrate in the capsular space and enters into the tubule as filtrate. It's not urine yet. What stays leaves by the efferent arteriole.
Scene 7 · The knot it wraps (2:00–2:17)
On screen: The site’s micrograph (slide 205): glomeruli whose capillaries were injected with red gelatin, so the knot the barrier is wrapped around shows red. Final line: “When albumin shows up in urine, one of these three layers has stopped doing its part.”
Narration: On the site's slide, the glomerulus has been injected with like a red gelatin, so you can see the knot the barrier is wrapped around. When albumin starts showing up in urine, one of these three layers has stopped doing its part.
Prefer the full lecture? Renal Corpuscle Anatomy (original video on the site) · histology page: Fenestrated Capillaries
Explore
The sieve bench
Feed molecules through three stacked screens and predict where each stops. Then break one screen at a time.
Text description of this explore
Three screens stacked on a lab bench: the fenestrated endothelium with wide pores, the basement membrane, and the podocyte slits. Step 1: for water, sodium, glucose, epinephrine, a small protein, albumin and a red blood cell, predict whether it passes all three screens, is stopped at the endothelium, or is stopped at the basement membrane and slits. Step 2: remove the negative charge from the basement membrane and predict what leaks first. Step 3: widen the podocyte slits and predict what changes.
Think · not graded
Continuous, fenestrated, sinusoidal — three capillary types with three cleft sizes. Why would a filter built from the middle one be exactly right, and what would a sinusoidal glomerulus put in your urine?
Spot-check your thinking: true or false?
Check · Drag the Words
Order the three layers a molecule crosses.
Evidence card 2
Add it to your evidence board
Three layers set one cutoff: albumin stays, everything smaller goes.
Scene 3 of 5
One Pushes, Two Push Back
GHP against BCOP and CsHP.
Animation · narrated, with captions
One Pushes, Two Push Back
Module 19 · 19.3 · Scene 3 · 8 scenes · 2½ minutes · narrated. Press Play to start; the words appear in the caption box under the picture.
Scene 1
Paused
Keyboard: when the picture has focus, Space plays or pauses, the left/right arrow keys move between scenes, and M mutes or unmutes.
Text description and full narration
Eight-scene narrated animation with captions. A drawn water balloon in a cup stands for the glomerulus in its capsule, beside a BioRender renal corpuscle; arrows sized to each pressure show the forces of filtration.
Scene 1 · A balloon in a cup (0:00–0:20)
On screen: A red water balloon sits inside a pale blue cup with a little water in it. A small renal corpuscle beside it: “glomerulus = the balloon, full of blood under pressure”, “capsule = the cup”. Chip: “filtration: the balloon leaking into the cup — three pressures decide how fast”.
Narration: Picture a water balloon inside a cup. The balloon is a glomerulus full of blood under pressure and the cup is the capsule around it. Filtration is just the balloon kind of like leaking into the cup. And there are three pressures that decide how fast that happens.
Scene 2 · One pushes (0:20–0:38)
On screen: Big red arrows push outward from the balloon: “glomerular hydrostatic pressure ≈ 55 mm Hg — the blood pressure in the capillary; the only force that favors filtration”.
Narration: One pressure pushes things out and that's called glomerular hydrostatic pressure. It's the blood pressure inside the capillary. And it's about 55 millimeters of mercury. And it's the only force that favors or encourages filtration.
Scene 3 · The pull of the proteins (0:38–1:01)
On screen: Purple arrows push back into the balloon: “blood colloid osmotic pressure ≈ 30 — the pull of the plasma proteins, mostly albumin”. Chip: “how salty, how concentrated, the blood is”.
Narration: There are two forces that push back on that. There's something called blood colloid osmotic pressure and that's the pull of all those plasma proteins, mostly albumin and those larger than it. And they're drawing water back into the blood. Think of it as like how salty, how concentrated your blood is. That's colloid osmotic pressure.
Scene 4 · The cup pushes back, and the sum (1:01–1:28)
On screen: Short blue arrows push in from the water in the cup: “capsular hydrostatic pressure ≈ 15 — the fluid already in the capsule”. The sum appears: 55 − (30 + 15) = 10 mm Hg net filtration pressure.
Narration: There's also capsular hydrostatic pressure. And that's the fluid already sitting in the capsule, kind of like the water in the cup. And it's pushing back on the balloon with a pressure of about 15. So 55 minus 30 plus 15 leaves a net filtration pressure of about 10.
Scene 5 · Small, but always outward (1:28–1:42)
On screen: A green arrow points outward: “net ≈ 10: small, but always outward”. “× about a million glomeruli” and a counter climbing to “≈ 180 liters of filtrate a day”.
Narration: That's small, but it's always outward pressure. And it's actually multiplied across a million glomeruli that are filtering at any given time. About 180 liters per day.
Scene 6 · A stone in the ureter (1:42–1:57)
On screen: A ureter with a stone lodged in it; urine backs up, the water in the cup rises and the blue arrows grow: “capsular pressure climbs → filtration stalls”.
Narration: All right, so now disturb this balance. A stone gets lodged in the ureter. Urine backs up, right? The capsular pressure climbs. It just gets so high and filtration basically stalls.
Scene 7 · A pressure crash (1:57–2:15)
On screen: A blood-pressure readout, 45/30 during surgery. The balloon deflates and the red arrows shrink to nothing: “net pressure ≈ 0 — the nephrons begin to die”.
Narration: Or you could have a patient whose blood pressure falls to 45 over 30 during surgery. Right, so the balloon in our cup deflated and the net pressure went pretty much to zero. A patient like that would have their nephrons, they'd begin to die.
Scene 8 · Hold the middle number (2:15–2:25)
On screen: The balloon restored; the purple colloid-osmotic arrows pulse: “the middle number depends on albumin”. Final chip: “Stina is losing albumin.”
Narration: So hold on to this middle number, the colloid osmotic pressure. It depends on albumin. And Stina, she's losing albumin.
Prefer the full lecture? Urine Formation 1: Glomerular Filtration (original video on the site)
Explore
Three patients at the GFR game
Predict the direction of net filtration pressure for each patient, then set the pressures and check.
Text description of this explore
A decision sheet beside a net filtration pressure calculator. Three bars show glomerular hydrostatic pressure (GHP, pushing filtrate out), blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP, pulling back) and capsular hydrostatic pressure (CsHP, pushing back), each set with a slider. Step 1: for Mr. Wu at 45/30 in surgery, a runner with a stone in the ureter, and a marathoner at mile 20 with a serum osmolarity of 305, predict whether NFP rises, falls or stays the same. Step 2: load each patient into the calculator, predict, then run it. Step 3: Stina, blood pressure 118/74, BCOP normal: what do the pressures say about her filter? A link opens the site’s own GFR game.
Think · not graded
If NFP is normal and albumin is still leaking, which of the three GFR determinants must have changed — rate, surface area, or permeability? Say why the pressures alone can’t explain her urine.
Spot-check your thinking: true or false?
Check · Summary
Pick the true statement about net filtration pressure(NFP): The difference between hydrostatic and colloid osmotic pressures, determining whether fluid m.
Evidence card 3
Add it to your evidence board
Her pressures were normal; a normal NFP cannot push albumin through an intact sieve.
Scene 4 of 5
Rate × Area × Permeability
Stretch the holes and the macaroni slips through.
Slide · a still to study
What Sets the GFR
Three things set the GFR
- Net filtration pressure: how hard blood pushes out, minus what pushes back.
- Surface area: how much membrane is still filtering. How many of Mr. Wu’s glomeruli reinflated?
- Permeability: how leaky the membrane is. How healthy are the podocytes? Are the fenestrations blown open?
Think of a strainer: how hard you push, how much mesh you use, and how big the holes are. Stina’s pressure was normal; her membrane had changed.
Prefer the full lecture? Urine Formation 1: Glomerular Filtration (original video on the site)
Explore
The strainer
Set three dials on a pasta strainer and predict what ends up in the sink. Then match three patients to the dial that explains them.
Text description of this explore
A kitchen strainer with three dials: hole size (small, medium, wide), area (large, medium, small) and water pressure (low, normal, high). You predict what ends up in the sink (water and tiny pasta only; water and small pasta; or water, small pasta and macaroni) and then pour. A readout reports the settings, what reached the sink and how fast it drained. Step 2: match Mr. Wu, a patient with hypertension and Stina to the dial that explains each one.
Think · not graded
Raising the waterThe universal solvent essential for life. pressure on a strainer makes it filter faster but does not change what fits through. What does that tell you about a patient whose GFR is normal but whose urine is full of albumin?
Spot-check your thinking: true or false?
Check · Multiple Choice
What kind of proteinuria signals a damaged glomerular barrier?
Evidence card 4
Add it to your evidence board
Albumin in the urine with a normal GFR means the holes changed, not the push.
Scene 5 of 5
The Apparatus Beside the Corpuscle
The DCT loops back to touch the filter that fed it.
Animation · in production · 1 min 50 s
The Apparatus Beside the Corpuscle
A corpuscle has two poles: the vascular pole, where the afferent arterioleThe small artery that carries blood into the glomerulus of the nephron. enters and the efferent leaves, and the urinary pole, where the PCT leaves. The loop bends back so the DCT passes its own corpuscle at the vascular pole. There sits the juxtaglomerular apparatusA structure near the glomerulus that helps regulate blood pressure and filtration rate.: the macula densaA group of specialized cells in the distal convoluted tubule that detect sodium concentration and he, a dense crowd of DCT nuclei that reads filtrate sodium(Na⁺): Major ECF cation; important for fluid balance, nerve function.; the granular cellsSpecialized cells in the juxtaglomerular apparatus that secrete renin in response to low blood press, smooth muscle in the afferent arteriole wall that stores reninAn enzyme secreted by the juxtaglomerular cells that helps regulate blood pressure by triggering the; and the extraglomerular mesangial cellsSpecialized cells in the glomerulus that provide structural support and help regulate blood flow. between the arteriolesSmall arteries that regulate blood flow into capillaries through vasoconstriction and vasodilation. This narrated animation is being recorded.
Prefer the full lecture? Urine Formation 2: Control of Filtration (original video on the site) · histology page: Renal Corpuscles
Explore
Find the vascular pole
Pin the parts of the apparatus beside the corpuscle, sort its cells, then decide what a pathologist can see.
Text description of this explore
Step 1: a diagram of a renal corpuscle with its vascular pole at the top: two arterioles, a tubule (the DCT) passing between them with a crowd of dark nuclei where it touches, purple cells in the wall of the wider arteriole, green cells between the arterioles, and a tubule leaving at the bottom. Seven pins: afferent arteriole, efferent arteriole, macula densa, granular cells, extraglomerular mesangial cells, urinary pole and capsular space. Step 2: sort macula densa, granular cells and mesangial cells into epithelium or smooth muscle, and choose what each senses or does. Step 3: on a real corpuscle micrograph, decide which of the three a pathologist can find on a routine H&E at 400×.
Think · not graded
The DCT bends back to report to the corpuscle that fed it. What does the macula densa measure, what can it change, and what would a nephronThe functional unit of the kidney that filters blood and produces urine. without this apparatus get wrong on a salty day?
Spot-check your thinking: true or false?
Check · Mark the Words
Mark the parts of the juxtaglomerular apparatus; leave the others unmarked.
Evidence card 5
Add it to your evidence board
The corpuscle has a sensor and a muscle beside it — the JGA — visible at the vascular pole on a slide.
4
Your evidence board
Every scene gave you an evidence card, and the chart adds more. Sort each card into the column it supports: Points to a breached barrier, Neither on its own, or Points to pressure or to too much protein upstream. Some cards can honestly go in more than one place — that’s allowed, and the feedback tells you which cards decide the case.
5
Your verdict
Time to decide. Look back at your bet, then build your verdict from statements that hold up — no writing needed.
Look back at your prediction
Albumin climbing month by month into the nephrotic range, with normal blood pressure — the filter is most likely…
Find the one you chose at the top. Does the evidence support it, refute it, or revise it?
- Over-pressured — too much hydrostatic push forcing albumin through a healthy sieve
- Overwhelmed — the liver making so much acute-phase protein that the sieve cannot hold it all
- Physically breached — one of the three layers changed so the cutoff itself moved
Build your verdict · no writing
Choose the statement that holds in each set. The ones you keep become your argument.
6
The finding
Sign · nephrotic-range, albumin-rich glomerular proteinuria
The Cutoff Moved
Quantified over months, her protein climbed from a trace into the nephrotic range, almost all of it albumin, while her serum albumin fell and her pressures stayed normal. Pressure sets how fast the sieve runs; only a change in the layers changes what fits through. Chart entry: a glomerular leak, localized to the basement membrane and the podocyte slits — the two layers that hold albumin — with the tubule not yet in question.
Next · Chapter 4
Reabsorption, Secretion, and How Urine Is Made
The glomeruli filter about 180 liters a day and she makes two. Everything else is reclaimed by the tubule — and reading how well her tubule was doing that job is how you prove the leak was upstream.
Reliable information on rare diseases
NORD · NIH GARD · Orphanet · MedlinePlus Genetics: FMF · FMF & AID Global Association · Autoinflammatory Alliance · Global Genes · Amyloidosis Foundation
Stina has one rare disease. In the United States, about 1 in 10 people live with one of the more than 7,000 known rare diseases. These organizations are where patients, families and clinicians go for trustworthy information.
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All pages for Module 19 — The Urinary System
19.0 Module Overview
19.1 A Little Protein in the Urine
19.2 The Kidney from the Outside In
19.3 The Nephron and the Filtration Barrier
19.4 Reabsorption, Secretion, and How Urine Is Made
19.5 Master Regulator, and the Road Out
19.6 When the Filter Breaks
19.7 Not a Trace, an Alarm
19.8 Conclusion and Assessment
19.9 Evidence Behind the Case
All Modules
- Anatomical Language, Membranes & Homeostasis
- Just Enough Chemistry
- The Cell & Its Transport
- Making Cells & Proteins
- The Integumentary System
- The Skeletal System
- The Muscular System
- Nervous Tissue & the Senses
- The Spinal Cord
- The Brain & the Blood–Brain Barrier
- The Autonomic Nervous System
- Special Senses (in developmentThe process of growth and differentiation.)
- The Endocrine System
- Blood
- The Heart
- Blood Vessels
- The Digestive System
- The Respiratory System
- The Urinary System
- Fluids, Electrolytes & Acid–Base Balance
- The Reproductive System
- The Immune System
List of terms
- fenestrated capillary
- podocytes
- filtration
- albumin
- filtrate
- urine
- pressure
- edema
- liver
- anatomy
- physiology
- glomerulus
- pleura
- pericardium
- cells
- capsular space
- renal corpuscle
- endothelium
- hydrostatic pressure
- colloid osmotic pressure
- capillaries
- nuclei
- serous membranes
- net filtration pressure
- water
- afferent arteriole
- juxtaglomerular apparatus
- macula densa
- sodium
- granular cells
- renin
- mesangial cells
- arterioles
- nephron
- development